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Maximilien François Marie Isidore de Robespierre (; 6 May 1758 – 28 July 1794) was a French lawyer and politician, and one of the best-known and most influential figures of the French Revolution and the Reign of Terror. As a member of the Estates-General, the Constituent Assembly and the Jacobin Club, he opposed the death penalty and advocated the abolition of slavery, while supporting equality of rights, universal male suffrage and the establishment of a republic. He opposed dechristianisation of France, war with Austria and the possibility of a coup by the Marquis de Lafayette. As a member of the Committee of Public Safety, he was an important figure during the period of the Revolution commonly known as the Reign of Terror, which ended a few months after his arrest and execution in July 1794 following the Thermidorian reaction. The Thermidorians accused him of being the "soul" of the Terror,〔Pierre Serna, La République des girouettes: 1789–1815... et au-delà : une anomalie politique, la France de l'extrême centre, Éditions Champ Vallon, 2005, 570 p. (ISBN 9782876734135), p. 369.〕 although his guilt in the brutal excesses of the Terror has not been proven.〔Albert Mathiez, « Robespierre terroriste », dans Études sur Robespierre, 1988, p. 63 et 70, et Jean-Clément Martin, Violence et Révolution. Essai sur la naissance d'un mythe national, 2006, p. 224.〕 Influenced by 18th-century Enlightenment ''philosophes'' such as Rousseau and Montesquieu, he was a capable articulator of the beliefs of the left-wing bourgeoisie and a deist. His steadfast adherence and defense of the views he expressed earned him the nickname ''l'Incorruptible'' (The Incorruptible).〔Thompson, J. M. "Robespierre," vol. I, p. 174, Basil Blackwell, Oxford: 1935.〕 His reputation has gone through cycles. It peaked in the 1920s when the influential French historian Albert Mathiez argued he was an eloquent spokesman for the poor and oppressed, an enemy of royalist intrigues, a vigilant adversary of dishonest and corrupt politicians, a guardian of the French Republic, an intrepid leader of the French Revolutionary government, and a prophet of a socially responsible state.〔Albert Mathiez, "Robespierre: l'histoire et la légende," ''Annales Historiques de la Révolution Française'' (1977) 49#1 pp 3–31.〕 In more recent times his reputation has suffered as historians associate him with radical purification of politics by the killing of enemies.〔Joseph I. Shulim "Robespierre and the French Revolution," ''American Historical Review'' (1977) 82#1 pp. 20–38 (in JSTOR )〕〔Ruth Scurr, ''Fatal Purity: Robespierre and the French Revolution'' (2006)〕〔There are two ways of totally misunderstanding Robespierre as historical figure: one is to detest the man, the other is to make too much of him. It is absurd, of course, to see the lawyer from Arras as a monstrous usurper, the recluse as a demagogue, the moderate as bloodthirsty tyrant, the democrat as a dictator. On the other hand, what is explained about his destiny once it is proved that he really was the Incorruptible? The misconception common to both schools arises from the fact that they attribute to the psychological traits of the man the historical role into which he was thrust by events and the language he borrowed from them. Robespierre is an immortal figure not because he reigned supreme over the Revolution for a few months, but because he was the mouthpiece of its purest and most tragic discourse. 〕 ==Early life== Maximilien Robespierre was born in Arras, in the old French province of Artois. His family has been traced back to the 12th century in Picardy; some of his direct ancestors in the male line worked as notaries in the village of Carvin near Arras from the beginning of the 17th century. It has been suggested that he was of Irish descent, his surname possibly being a corruption of "Robert Speirs".〔Carr, J. L. (1972.) ''Robespierre: the force of circumstance'', Constable, p. 10.〕 George Henry Lewes, Ernest Hamel, Jules Michelet, Alphonse de Lamartine, and Hilaire Belloc have all cited this theory although there appears to be little supporting evidence. His paternal grandfather, also named Maximilien de Robespierre, established himself in Arras as a lawyer. His father, François Maximilien Barthélémy de Robespierre, also a lawyer at the ''Conseil d'Artois'', married Jacqueline Marguerite Carrault, the daughter of a brewer, on 2 January 1758. Maximilien was the oldest of four children and was conceived out of wedlock; his siblings were Charlotte (born 21 January 1760),〔Born ''Marie Marguerite Charlotte de Robespierre'', at the time of her brother's glory she was betrothed to Joseph Fouché, who broke the engagement after the events of Thermidor. Charlotte became unmarriageable due to her name; she remained single until her death on 1 August 1834, aged 74.〕 Henriette (born 28 December 1761),〔Born ''Henriette Eulalie Françoise de Robespierre'', she became a nun and entered in the ''couvent des Manarres'' on 4 June 1773. She died on 5 March 1780 aged 18.〕 and Augustin (born 21 January 1763).〔(【引用サイトリンク】url= http://www.christianmemorials.com/tributes/maximillien-robespierre/ )〕 On 7 July 1764, Madame de Robespierre gave birth to a stillborn son; she died nine days later. Devastated by his wife's death, François de Robespierre subsequently left Arras and traveled throughout Europe, only occasionally living in Arras, until his death in Munich on 6 November 1777; the children were brought up by their paternal aunts Eulalie and Henriette de Robespierre. Already literate at age 8, Maximilien started attending the ''collège'' (middle school) of Arras. In October 1769, on the recommendation of the bishop, he obtained a scholarship at the ''Lycée Louis-le-Grand'' in Paris. Robespierre studied there until age 23, receiving his training as a lawyer. Upon his graduation, he received a 600-''livre'' special prize for twelve years of exemplary academic success and personal good conduct.〔Scurr, Ruth. ''Fatal Purity: Robespierre and the French Revolution''. New York: Henry Holt, 2006. pp. 22, 35.〕 In school he learned to admire the idealised Roman Republic and the rhetoric of Cicero, Cato and other classic figures. His fellow pupils included Camille Desmoulins and Stanislas Fréron. He also read Swiss ''philosophe'' Jean-Jacques Rousseau during this time and adopted many of his principles. Robespierre grew intrigued by the idea of a "virtuous self", a man who stands alone accompanied only by his conscience.〔 Shortly after his 1775 coronation, King Louis XVI visited ''Louis-le-Grand''. Robespierre, then 17 and a prize-winning student, had been chosen out of five hundred pupils to deliver a speech to welcome the king. Perhaps due to rain, the royal couple remained in their coach throughout the ceremony and promptly left at its completion.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Maximilien Robespierre」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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